A scholarly book examining the relationship between modernity and the exclusion of 'the other' through an epistemological study of rationality and madness. The book analyzes how modern thought and institutions have historically dealt with difference and otherness. Key features: • Arabic language text • Academic analysis of modernity • Study of rationality and madness • Philosophical examination of otherness • Historical perspective on exclusion • Critical theory approach The book's cover features a classical painting depicting a chaotic medieval scene, which appears to symbolize the historical tensions between reason and unreason. The author explores how modernist thinking has created systems of exclusion and marginalization through its emphasis on rationality and order.